If you receive rental income from renting a dwelling unit, such as a house or an apartment, to others, you may deduct certain expenses. These expenses, which may include interest, taxes, casualty losses, maintenance, utilities, insurance, and depreciation, will reduce the amount of rental income that is taxed. You will generally report such income and expenses on Schedule E Form 1040. If you are renting to make a profit and do not use the dwelling unit as a home, your deductible rental expenses can be more than your gross rental income, subject to certain limits. For information on these limits, refer to Tax Topic 425, Passive Activities – Losses and Credits. However, if you rent a dwelling unit that you also use as a home, your deductible rental expenses are subject to stricter limitations.

You are considered to use a dwelling unit as a home if you use it for personal purposes during the tax year for more than the greater of: 14 days or 10% of the total days it is rented to others at a fair rental price. It is possible that you will use more than one dwelling unit as a home during the year. For example, if you live in your main home for 11 months and in your vacation home for 30 days, your home is a dwelling unit and your vacation home is also a dwelling unit, unless you rent your vacation home to others at a fair rental value for more than 300 days during the year.

A day of personal use of a dwelling unit is any day that it is used by:

• You or any other person who has an interest in it, unless you rent your interest to the other owner as his or her main home under a shared equity financing agreement,
• A member of your family or a member of the family of any other person who has an interest in it, unless the family member uses it as his or her main home and pays a fair rental price,
• Anyone under an agreement that lets you use some other dwelling unit; or
• Anyone at less than fair rental price.

If you use the dwelling unit for both rental and personal purposes, you generally must divide your total expenses between the rental use and the personal use based on the number of days used for each purpose. Unless your gross rental income is more than your expenses of rental use, you may not be able to deduct all your expenses of rental use.

There is a special rule if you use a dwelling as a home and rent it for fewer than 15 days. In this case, do not report any of the rental income and do not deduct any expenses as rental expenses. If you itemize your deductions on Schedule A, Form 1040, however, you may still be able to deduct mortgage interest, property taxes, and casualty losses on that schedule.

Another special rule applies if you rent part of your home to your employer and provide services for your employer in that rented space. In this case, report the rental income, but do not deduct any expenses as rental expenses. If you itemize your deductions on Schedule A, Form 1040, however, you may still be able to deduct mortgage interest, property taxes, and casualty losses on that schedule.

Refer to Publication 527 (PDF), Residential Rental Property (Including Rental of Vacation Homes).

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