If your property is destroyed, damaged, or stolen due to casualty or theft, you may be entitled to a tax deduction. A casualty is the damage, destruction, or loss of property resulting from an identifiable event that is sudden, unexpected, or unusual.

A sudden event is one that is swift, not gradual or progressive. It does not include damage from events such as termite infestation or deterioration from normal wind and weather.

An unexpected event is one that is ordinarily unanticipated and unintended.

An unusual event is one that is not a day-to-day occurrence and that is not typical of the activity in which you are engaged. Examples of casualties include car accidents, fires, earthquakes, hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, and vandalism.

A theft loss is the taking and removing of property or money with the intent to deprive the owner of it. Lost or mislaid property is not considered a theft loss.

If your property is covered by insurance, you should file a timely insurance claim for reimbursement of the loss. Otherwise you cannot deduct this loss as a casualty or theft. This does not apply to the portion not covered by insurance. If business or income-producing property, such as rental property, is stolen or completely destroyed or lost because of a casualty, the amount of your loss is your adjusted basis in the property minus any salvage value and insurance or other reimbursement you receive or expect to receive. Adjusted basis is usually your cost, increased or decreased by various events such as improvements or depreciation.

To determine the amount of a casualty or theft loss of personal-use property, or of the personal-use portion of business or income-producing property that is used partly for personal purposes, you must know the fair market value of your property before and after the casualty. Fair market value is the price for which you could have sold the property to a willing buyer if neither of you had to sell or buy and both knew all relevant facts. The amount of your loss is the lesser of:

The decrease in fair market value as a result of the casualty; or

Your adjusted basis in the property before the casualty or theft.

You must reduce your loss by any reimbursement you receive or expect to receive, such as an insurance recovery. If the property was held by you for personal use, or partly for personal use, you further reduce your loss by $100. This $100 reduction for personal use property applies to each casualty or theft event that occurred during the year, regardless of how many items of property are involved. The total of all your casualty and theft losses of personal use property for the year must then be reduced by 10% of your adjusted gross income. The balance that remains after making these reductions is the amount of your deductible casualty or theft loss of personal use property.

To claim a casualty or theft loss, you must complete Form 4684 (PDF), Casualties and Thefts, and attach it to your return. A casualty or theft loss of personal use property may be claimed only if you itemize deductions on Schedule A, Form 1040 (PDF).

If your property is damaged by a casualty, you must decrease its adjusted basis by the amount of any insurance or other reimbursement that you receive and by the amount of any deductible loss. Increase the adjusted basis by amounts you spend on repairs after a casualty that substantially prolong the life of the property, increase its value, or adapt it to a different use.

For more information about the basis of property, refer to Tax Topic 703, or Publication 551 (PDF), Basis of Assets.

If you believe that your loss qualifies as a casualty or theft loss, refer to Publication 547 (PDF), Casualties, Disasters, and Thefts. If many items of personal use property are involved, you may wish to refer to Publication 584 (PDF), Casualty, Disaster, and Theft Loss Workbook. If many items of business use property are involved, you may wish to refer to Publication 584-B (PDF), Business Casualty, Disaster or Theft Loss Workbook.

If you have a casualty loss from a disaster that occurred in an area declared by the President to be a federal disaster area, refer to Tax Topic 515.

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