This section contains information about the effect of an individual's death on the income tax liability of the survivors (including widows and widowers), the beneficiaries, and the estate.

Tax Benefits for Survivors

Survivors can qualify for certain benefits when filing their own income tax returns.

Joint return by surviving spouse. A surviving spouse can file a joint return for the year of death and may qualify for special tax rates for the following 2 years, as explained under Qualifying widows and widowers, later.

Decedent as your dependent. If the decedent qualified as your dependent for the part of the year before death, you can claim the exemption for the dependent on your tax return, regardless of when death occurred during the year.

If the decedent was your qualifying child, you may be able to claim the child tax credit.

Qualifying widows and widowers. If your spouse died within the 2 tax years preceding the year for which your return is being filed, you may be eligible to claim the filing status of qualifying widow(er) with dependent child and qualify to use the Married filing jointly tax rates.

Requirements. Generally, you qualify for this special benefit if you meet all of the following requirements.

• You were entitled to file a joint return with your spouse for the year of death -- whether or not you actually filed jointly.
• You did not remarry before the end of the current tax year.
• You have a child, stepchild, or foster child who qualifies as your dependent for the tax year.
• You provide more than half the cost of maintaining your home, which is the principal residence of that child for the entire year except for temporary absences.

Example. William Burns's wife died in 1998. Mr. Burns has not remarried and continued throughout 1999 and 2000 to maintain a home for himself and his dependent child. For 1998 he was entitled to file a joint return for himself and his deceased wife. For 1999 and 2000, he qualifies to file as a "Qualifying widow(er) with dependent child." For later years, he may qualify to file as a head of household.

Figuring your tax. Include only your own income, exemptions, and deductions in figuring your tax, but check the box on line 5 (Form 1040 or 1040A) under filing status on your tax return and enter the year of death in the parentheses. Use the Tax Rate Schedule or the column in the Tax Table for Married filing jointly, which gives you the split-income benefits.

The last year you can file jointly with, or claim an exemption for, your deceased spouse is the year of death.

Joint return filing rules. If you are the surviving spouse and a personal representative is handling the estate for the decedent, you should coordinate filing your return for the year of death with this personal representative. See Joint Return earlier under Final Return for Decedent.

Income in Respect of the Decedent

All gross income that the decedent would have received had death not occurred, that was not properly includible on the final return, discussed earlier, is income in respect of the decedent.

How To Report

Income in respect of a decedent must be included in the gross income of one of the following.

• The decedent's estate, if the estate receives it.
• The beneficiary, if the right to income is passed directly to the beneficiary and the beneficiary receives it.
• Any person to whom the estate properly distributes the right to receive it.

If you have to include income in respect of the decedent in your gross income, you may be able to claim a deduction for the estate tax paid on that income. See Estate Tax Deduction, later.

Example 1. Frank Johnson owned and operated an apple orchard. He used the cash method of accounting. He sold and delivered 1,000 bushels of apples to a canning factory for $2,000, but did not receive payment before his death. The proceeds from the sale are income in respect of the decedent. When the estate was settled, payment had not been made and the estate transferred the right to the payment to his widow. When Frank's widow collects the $2,000, she must include that amount in her return. It is not reported on the final return of the decedent nor on the return of the estate.

Example 2. Assume Frank Johnson used the accrual method of accounting in Example 1. The amount accrued from the sale of the apples would be included on his final return. Neither the estate nor the widow will realize income in respect of the decedent when the money is later paid.

Example 3. On February 1, George High, a cash method taxpayer, sold his tractor for $3,000, payable March 1 of the same year. His adjusted basis in the tractor was $2,000. Mr. High died on February 15, before receiving payment. The gain to be reported as income in respect of the decedent is the $1,000 difference between the decedent's basis in the property and the sale proceeds. In other words, the income in respect of the decedent is the gain the decedent would have realized had he lived.

Example 4. Cathy O'Neil was entitled to a large salary payment at the date of her death. The amount was to be paid in five annual installments. The estate, after collecting two installments, distributed the right to the remaining installments to you, the beneficiary. The payments are income in respect of the decedent. None of the payments were includible on Cathy's final return. The estate must include in its gross income the two installments it received, and you must include in your gross income each of the three installments as you receive them.

Example 5. You inherited the right to receive renewal commissions on life insurance sold by your father before his death. You inherited the right from your mother, who acquired it by bequest from your father. Your mother died before she received all the commissions she had the right to receive, so you received the rest. The commissions are income in respect of the decedent. None of these commissions were includible in your father's final return. The commissions received by your mother were included in her gross income. The commissions you received are not includible in your mother's gross income, even on her final return. You must include them in your income.

Character of income. The character of the income you receive in respect of a decedent is the same as it would have been to the decedent if he or she were alive. If the income would have been a capital gain to the decedent, it will be a capital gain to you.

Transfer of right to income. If you transfer your right to income in respect of a decedent, you must include in your income the greater of:

1. The amount you receive for the right, or
2. The fair market value of the right you transfer.

If you make a gift of such a right, you must include in your gross income the fair market value of the right at the time of the gift.

If the right to income from an installment obligation is transferred, the amount you must include in income is reduced by the basis of the obligation. See Installment obligations, later.

Transfer defined. A transfer for this purpose includes a sale, exchange, or other disposition, the satisfaction of an installment obligation at other than face value, or the cancellation of an installment obligation.

Installment obligations. If the decedent had sold property using the installment method and you collect payments on an installment obligation you acquired from the decedent, use the same gross profit percentage the decedent used to figure the part of each payment that represents profit. Include in your income the same profit the decedent would have included had death not occurred. For more information, see Publication 537, Installment Sales.

If you dispose of an installment obligation acquired from a decedent (other than by transfer to the obligor), the rules explained in Publication 537 for figuring gain or loss on the disposition apply to you.

Transfer to obligor. A transfer of a right to income, discussed earlier, has occurred if the decedent (seller) had sold property using the installment method and the installment obligation is transferred to the obligor (buyer or person legally obligated to pay the installments). A transfer also occurs if the obligation is canceled either at death or by the estate or person receiving the obligation from the decedent. An obligation that becomes unenforceable is treated as having been canceled.

If such a transfer occurs, the amount included in the income of the transferor (the estate or beneficiary) is the greater of the amount received or the fair market value of the installment obligation at the time of transfer, reduced by the basis of the obligation. The basis of the obligation is the decedent's basis, adjusted for all installment payments received after the decedent's death and before the transfer.

If the decedent and obligor were related persons, the fair market value of the obligation cannot be less than its face value.

Specific Types of Income in Respect of a Decedent

This section explains and provides examples of some specific types of income in respect of a decedent.

Wages. The entire amount of wages or other employee compensation earned by the decedent but unpaid at the time of death is income in respect of the decedent. The income is not reduced by any amounts withheld by the employer when paid to the estate or other beneficiary. If the income is $600 or more, the employer should report it in box 3 of Form 1099-MISC and give the recipient a copy of the form or a similar statement.

Wages paid as income in respect of a decedent are not subject to federal income tax withholding. However, if paid during the calendar year of death, they are subject to withholding for social security and Medicare taxes. These taxes should be included on the decedent's Form W-2 with the taxes withheld before death. These wages are not included in box 1 of Form W-2.

Wages paid as income in respect of a decedent after the year of death generally are not subject to withholding for any federal taxes.

Farm income from crops, crop shares, and livestock. A farmer's growing crops and livestock at the date of death would not normally give rise to income in respect of a decedent or income to be included in the final return. However, when a cash method farmer receives rent in the form of crop shares or livestock and owns the crop shares or livestock at the time of death, the rent is income in respect of a decedent and is reported in the year in which the crop shares or livestock are sold or otherwise disposed of. The same treatment applies to crop shares or livestock the decedent had a right to receive as rent at the time of death for economic activities that occurred before death.

If the individual died during a rental period, only the proceeds from the portion of the rental period ending with death are income in respect of a decedent. The proceeds from the portion of the rental period from the day after death to the end of the rental period are income to the estate. Cash rent or crop shares and livestock received as rent and reduced to cash by the decedent are includible in the final return even though the rental period did not end until after death.

Example. Alonzo Roberts, who used the cash method of accounting, leased part of his farm for a 1-year period beginning March 1. The rental was one-third of the crop, payable in cash when the crop share is sold at the direction of Roberts. Roberts died on June 30 and was alive during 122 days of the rental period. Seven months later, Roberts' personal representative ordered the crop to be sold and was paid $1,500. Of the $1,500, 122/365, or $501, is income in respect of a decedent. The balance of the $1,500 received by the estate, $999, is income to the estate.

Partnership income. If the partner who died had been receiving payments representing a distributive share or guaranteed payment in liquidation of the partner's interest in a partnership, the remaining payments made to the estate or other successor in interest are income in respect of the decedent. The estate or the successor receiving the payments must include them in gross income when received. Similarly, the estate or other successor in interest receives income in respect of a decedent if amounts are paid by a third person in exchange for the successor's right to the future payments.

For a discussion of partnership rules, see Publication 541, Partnerships.

U.S. savings bonds acquired from decedent. If series EE or series I U.S. savings bonds that were owned by a cash method individual who had chosen to report the interest each year (or by an accrual method individual) are transferred because of death, the increase in value of the bonds (interest earned) in the year of death up to the date of death must be reported on the decedent's final return. The transferee (estate or beneficiary) reports on its return only the interest earned after the date of death.

The redemption values of U.S. savings bonds generally are available from local banks, savings and loan institutions, or your nearest Federal Reserve Bank.

You also can get information by writing to the following address.

Bureau of the Public Debt
P.O. Box 1328
Parkersburg, WV 26106-1328

Or, on the Internet, visit the following site.
www.publicdebt.treas.gov

If the bonds transferred because of death were owned by a cash method individual who had not chosen to report the interest each year and had purchased the bonds entirely with personal funds, interest earned before death must be reported in one of the following ways.

1. The person (executor, administrator, etc.) who must file the final income tax return of the decedent can elect to include in it all of the interest earned on the bonds before the decedent's death. The transferee (estate or beneficiary) then includes in its return only the interest earned after the date of death.
2. If the election in (1), above, was not made, the interest earned to the date of death is income in respect of the decedent and is not included in the decedent's final return. In this case, all of the interest earned before and after the decedent's death is income to the transferee (estate or beneficiary). A transferee who uses the cash method of accounting and who has not chosen to report the interest annually may defer reporting any of it until the bonds are cashed or the date of maturity, whichever is earlier. In the year the interest is reported, the transferee may claim a deduction for any federal estate tax paid that arose because of the part of interest (if any) included in the decedent's estate.

Example 1. Your uncle, a cash method taxpayer, died and left you a $1,000 series EE bond. He had bought the bond for $500 and had not chosen to report the increase in value each year. At the date of death, interest of $94 had accrued on the bond, and its value of $594 at date of death was included in your uncle's estate. Your uncle's personal representative did not choose to include the $94 accrued interest in the decedent's final income tax return. You are a cash method taxpayer and do not choose to report the increase in value each year as it is earned. Assuming you cash it when it reaches maturity value of $1,000, you would report $500 interest income (the difference between maturity value of $1,000 and the original cost of $500) in that year. You also are entitled to claim, in that year, a deduction for any federal estate tax resulting from the inclusion in your uncle's estate of the $94 increase in value.

Example 2. If, in Example 1, the personal representative had chosen to include the $94 interest earned on the bond before death in the final income tax return of your uncle, you would report $406 ($500 - $94) as interest when you cashed the bond at maturity. Since this $406 represents the interest earned after your uncle's death and was not included in his estate, no deduction for federal estate tax is allowable for this amount.

Example 3. Your uncle died owning series HH bonds that he acquired in exchange for series EE bonds. You were the beneficiary on these bonds. Your uncle used the cash method of accounting and had not chosen to report the increase in redemption price of the series EE bonds each year as it accrued. Your uncle's personal representative made no election to include any interest earned before death in the decedent's final return. Your income in respect of the decedent is the sum of the unreported increase in value of the series EE bonds, which constituted part of the amount paid for series HH bonds, and the interest, if any, payable on the series HH bonds but not received as of the date of the decedent's death.

Specific dollar amount legacy satisfied by transfer of bonds. If you receive series EE or series I bonds from an estate in satisfaction of a specific dollar amount legacy and the decedent was a cash method taxpayer who did not elect to report interest each year, only the interest earned after you receive the bonds is your income. The interest earned to the date of death plus any further interest earned to the date of distribution is income to (and reportable by) the estate.

Cashing U.S. savings bonds. When you cash a U.S. savings bond that you acquired from a decedent, the bank or other payer that redeems it must give you a Form 1099-INT if the interest part of the payment you receive is $10 or more. Your Form 1099-INT should show the difference between the amount received and the cost of the bond. The interest shown on your Form 1099-INT will not be reduced by any interest reported by the decedent before death, or, if elected, by the personal representative on the final income tax return of the decedent, or by the estate on the estate's income tax return. Your Form 1099-INT may show more interest than you must include in your income.

You must make an adjustment on your tax return to report the correct amount of interest. See Publication 550, Investment Income and Expenses, for information about the correct reporting of this interest.

Interest accrued on U.S. Treasury bonds. The interest accrued on U.S. Treasury bonds owned by a cash method taxpayer and redeemable for the payment of federal estate taxes that was not received as of the date of the individual's death is income in respect of the decedent. This interest is not included in the decedent's final income tax return. The estate will treat such interest as taxable income in the tax year received if it chooses to redeem the U.S. Treasury bonds to pay federal estate taxes. If the person entitled to the bonds by bequest, devise, or inheritance, or because of the death of the individual (owner) receives them, that person will treat the accrued interest as taxable income in the year the interest is received. Interest that accrues on the U.S. Treasury bonds after the owner's death does not represent income in respect of the decedent. The interest, however, is taxable income and must be included in the gross income of the respective recipients.

Interest accrued on savings certificates. The interest accrued on savings certificates (redeemable after death without forfeiture of interest) that is for the period from the date of the last interest payment and ending with the date of the decedent's death, but not received as of that date, is income in respect of a decedent. Interest for a period after the decedent's death that becomes payable on the certificates after death is not income in respect of a decedent, but is taxable income includible in the gross income of the respective recipients.

Inherited IRAs. If a beneficiary receives a lump-sum distribution from a traditional IRA or a Roth IRA he or she inherited, all or some of it may be taxable. The distribution is taxable in the year received as income in respect of a decedent up to the decedent's taxable balance. This is the decedent's balance at the time of death, including unrealized appreciation and income accrued to date of death, minus any basis (nondeductible contributions). Amounts distributed that are more than the decedent's entire IRA balance (includes taxable and nontaxable amounts) at the time of death are the income of the beneficiary. See Roth IRA, next, for determining taxability of Roth IRA distributions.

If the beneficiary of a traditional IRA is the decedent's surviving spouse and that spouse properly rolls over the distribution into another traditional IRA or to a Roth IRA, the distribution is not currently taxed.

Example 1. At the time of his death, Greg owned a traditional IRA. All of the contributions by Greg to the IRA had been deductible contributions. Greg's nephew, Mark, was the sole beneficiary of the IRA. The entire balance of the IRA, including income accruing before and after Greg's death, was distributed to Mark in a lump sum. Mark must include the total amount received in his gross income. The portion of the lump-sum distribution that equals the amount of the balance in the IRA at Greg's death, including the income earned before death, is income in respect of the decedent. Mark may take a deduction for any federal estate taxes that were paid on the portion of the IRA that is income in respect of the decedent.

Example 2. Assume the same facts as in Example 1, except some of Greg's contributions to the IRA had been nondeductible contributions. To determine the amount to include in gross income, Mark must subtract the total nondeductible contributions made by Greg from the total amount received (including the income that was earned in the IRA both before and after Greg's death). Income in respect of the decedent is the total amount included in gross income less the income earned after Greg's death.

For more information on inherited IRAs, see Publication 590.

Roth IRA. Qualified distributions from a Roth IRA are not subject to tax. A distribution made to a beneficiary or to the Roth IRA owner's estate on or after the date of death is a qualified distribution if it is made after the 5-taxable-year period beginning with the first tax year in which a contribution was made to any Roth IRA of the owner.

A distribution cannot be a qualified distribution unless it is made after 2002.

Generally, the entire interest in the Roth IRA must be distributed by the end of the fifth calendar year after the year of the owner's death unless the interest is payable to a designated beneficiary over his or her life or life expectancy. If paid as an annuity, the distributions must begin before the end of the calendar year following the year of death. If the sole beneficiary is the decedent's spouse, the spouse can delay the distributions until the decedent would have reached age 70 1/2 or can treat the Roth IRA as his or her own Roth IRA.

A portion of a distribution to a beneficiary that is not a qualified distribution may be includible in the beneficiary's gross income. Generally, the portion includible is the earnings in the decedent's Roth IRAs. Earnings attributable to the period ending with the decedent's date of death are income in respect of the decedent. Additional taxable amounts are the income of the beneficiary.

For more information on Roth IRAs, see Publication 590.

Education IRA. Generally, the balance in an education individual retirement account (education IRA) must be distributed within 30 days after the individual for whom the account was established reaches age 30 or dies, whichever is earlier. The treatment of the education IRA at the death of an individual under age 30 depends on who acquires the interest in the account. If the decedent's estate acquires the interest, see the discussion under Final Return for Decedent, earlier.

If the decedent's spouse or other family member is the designated beneficiary of the decedent's account, the education IRA becomes that person's education IRA. It is subject to the rules discussed in Publication 590.

Any other beneficiary (including a spouse or family member that is not the designated beneficiary) must include in gross income the earnings portion of the distribution. The distribution must be made within 30 days. Any balance remaining at the close of the 30-day period is deemed to be distributed at that time. The amount included in gross income is reduced by any qualified higher education expenses of the decedent that are paid by the beneficiary within 1 year after the decedent's date of death. An estate tax deduction, discussed later, applies to the amount included in income by a beneficiary other than the decedent's spouse or family member.

Medical savings account (MSA). The treatment of an MSA, including a Medicare+ Choice MSA, at the death of the account holder depends on who acquires the interest in the account. If the decedent's estate acquired the interest, see the discussion under Final Return for Decedent, earlier.

If the decedent's spouse is the designated beneficiary of the MSA, the MSA becomes that spouse's MSA. It is subject to the rules discussed in Publication 969.

Any other beneficiary (including a spouse that is not the designated beneficiary) must include in gross income the fair market value of the assets in the account on the decedent's date of death. This amount must be reported for the beneficiary's tax year that includes the decedent's date of death. The amount included in gross income is reduced by the qualified medical expenses for the decedent that are paid by the beneficiary within 1 year after the decedent's date of death. An estate tax deduction, discussed later, applies to the amount included in income by a beneficiary, other than the decedent's spouse.

Deductions in Respect of the Decedent

Items such as business expenses, income-producing expenses, interest, and taxes, for which the decedent was liable but which are not properly allowable as deductions on the decedent's final income tax return, will be allowed as a deduction when paid to one of the following.

• The estate.
• The person who acquired an interest in the decedent's property (subject to such obligations) because of the decedent's death, if the estate was not liable for the obligation.

Similar treatment is given to the foreign tax credit. A beneficiary who must pay a foreign tax on income in respect of a decedent will be entitled to claim the foreign tax credit.

Depletion. The deduction for percentage depletion is allowable only to the person (estate or beneficiary) who receives income in respect of the decedent to which the deduction relates, whether or not that person receives the property from which the income is derived. An heir who (because of the decedent's death) receives income as a result of the sale of units of mineral by the decedent (who used the cash method) will be entitled to the depletion allowance for that income. If the decedent had not figured the deduction on the basis of percentage depletion, any depletion deduction to which the decedent was entitled at the time of death would be allowable on the decedent's final return, and no depletion deduction in respect of the decedent would be allowed to anyone else.

For more information about depletion, see chapter 10 in Publication 535, Business Expenses.

Estate Tax Deduction

Income that a decedent had a right to receive is included in the decedent's gross estate and is subject to estate tax. This income in respect of a decedent is also taxed when received by the recipient (estate or beneficiary). However, an income tax deduction is allowed to the recipient for the estate tax paid on the income.

The deduction for estate tax can be claimed only for the same tax year in which the income in respect of the decedent must be included in the recipient's gross income. (This also is true for income in respect of a prior decedent.)

Individuals can claim this deduction only as an itemized deduction, on line 27 of Schedule A (Form 1040). This deduction is not subject to the 2% limit on miscellaneous itemized deductions. Estates can claim the deduction on the line provided for the deduction on Form 1041. For the alternative minimum tax computation, the deduction is not included in the itemized deductions that are an adjustment to taxable income.

If the income in respect of the decedent is capital gain income, you must reduce the gain, but not below zero, by any deduction for estate tax paid on such gain. This applies in figuring the following.

• The maximum tax on net capital gain.
• The 50% exclusion for gain on small business stock.
• The limitation on capital losses.

Computation

To figure a recipient's estate tax deduction, determine--

1. The estate tax that qualifies for the deduction, and
2. The recipient's part of the deductible tax.

Deductible estate tax. The estate tax is the tax on the taxable estate, reduced by any credits allowed. The estate tax qualifying for the deduction is the part for the net value of all the items in the estate that represent income in respect of the decedent. Net value is the excess of the items of income in respect of the decedent over the items of expenses in respect of the decedent. The deductible estate tax is the difference between the actual estate tax and the estate tax determined without including net value.

Example 1. Jack Sage used the cash method of accounting. At the time of his death, he was entitled to receive $12,000 from clients for his services and he had accrued bond interest of $8,000, for a total income in respect of the decedent of $20,000. He also owed $5,000 for business expenses for which his estate is liable. The income and expenses are reported on Jack's estate tax return.

The tax on Jack's estate is $9,460 after credits. The net value of the items included as income in respect of the decedent is $15,000 ($20,000 - $5,000). The estate tax determined without including the $15,000 in the taxable estate is $4,840, after credits. The estate tax that qualifies for the deduction is $4,620 ($9,460 - $4,840).

Recipient's deductible part. Figure the recipient's part of the deductible estate tax by dividing the estate tax value of the items of income in respect of the decedent included in the recipient's gross income (the numerator) by the total value of all items included in the estate that represents income in respect of the decedent (the denominator). If the amount included in the recipient's gross income is less than the estate tax value of the item, use the lesser amount in the numerator.

Example 2. As the beneficiary of Jack's estate (Example 1), you collect the $12,000 accounts receivable from his clients. You will include the $12,000 in your gross income in the tax year you receive it. If you itemize your deductions in that tax year, you can claim an estate tax deduction of $2,772 figured as follows:

explained computation

numerical computation

If the amount you collected for the accounts receivable was more than $12,000, you would still claim $2,772 as an estate tax deduction because only the $12,000 actually reported on the estate tax return can be used in the above computation. However, if you collected less than the $12,000 reported on the estate tax return, use the smaller amount to figure the estate tax deduction.

Estates. The estate tax deduction allowed an estate is figured in the same manner as just discussed. However, any income in respect of a decedent received by the estate during the tax year is reduced by any such income that is properly paid, credited, or required to be distributed by the estate to a beneficiary. The beneficiary would include such distributed income in respect of a decedent for figuring the beneficiary's deduction.

Surviving annuitants. For the estate tax deduction, an annuity received by a surviving annuitant under a joint and survivor annuity contract is considered income in respect of a decedent. The deceased annuitant must have died after the annuity starting date. You must make a special computation to figure the estate tax deduction for the surviving annuitant. See section 1.691(d)-1 of the regulations.

Gifts, Insurance, and Inheritances

Property received as a gift, bequest, or inheritance is not included in your income. But if property you receive in this manner later produces income, such as interest, dividends, or rentals, that income is taxable to you. The income from property donated to a trust that is paid, credited, or distributed to you is taxable income to you. If the gift, bequest, or inheritance is the income from property, that income is taxable to you.

If you receive property from a decedent's estate in satisfaction of your right to the income of the estate, it is treated as a bequest or inheritance of income from property. See Distributions to Beneficiaries From an Estate, later.

Insurance

The proceeds from a decedent's life insurance policy paid by reason of his or her death generally are excluded from income. The exclusion applies to any beneficiary, whether a family member or other individual, a corporation, or a partnership.

Veterans' insurance proceeds. Veterans' insurance proceeds and dividends are not taxable either to the veteran or to the beneficiaries.

Interest on dividends left on deposit with the Department of Veterans Affairs is not taxable.

Life insurance proceeds. Life insurance proceeds paid to you because of the death of the insured (or because the insured is a member of the U.S. uniformed services who is missing in action) are not taxable unless the policy was turned over to you for a price. This is true even if the proceeds are paid under an accident or health insurance policy or an endowment contract. If the proceeds are received in installments, see the discussion under Insurance received in installments, later.

Accelerated death benefits. You can exclude from income accelerated death benefits you receive on the life of an insured individual if certain requirements are met. Accelerated death benefits are amounts received under a life insurance contract before the death of the insured. These benefits also include amounts received on the sale or assignment of the contract to a viatical settlement provider. This exclusion applies only if the insured was a terminally ill individual or a chronically ill individual. This exclusion does not apply if the insured is a director, officer, employee, or has a financial interest in any trade or business carried on by you.

Terminally ill individual. A terminally ill individual is one who has been certified by a physician as having an illness or physical condition that can reasonably be expected to result in death in 24 months or less from the date of certification.

Chronically ill individual. A chronically ill individual is one who has been certified as one of the following.

• An individual who, for at least 90 days, is unable to perform at least two activities of daily living without substantial assistance due to a loss of functional capacity.
• An individual who requires substantial supervision to be protected from threats to health and safety due to severe cognitive impairment.

A certification must have been made by a licensed health care practitioner within the previous 12 months.

Exclusion limited. If the insured was a chronically ill individual, your exclusion of accelerated death benefits is limited to the cost you incurred in providing qualified long-term care services for the insured. In determining the cost incurred do not include amounts paid or reimbursed by insurance or otherwise. Subject to certain limits, you can exclude payments received on a periodic basis without regard to your costs.

Insurance received in installments. If you receive life insurance proceeds in installments, you can exclude part of each installment from your income.

To determine the part excluded, divide the amount held by the insurance company (generally the total lump sum payable at the death of the insured person) by the number of installments to be paid. Include anything over this excluded part in your income as interest.

Specified number of installments. If you will receive a specified number of installments under the insurance contract, figure the part of each installment you can exclude by dividing the amount held by the insurance company by the number of installments to which you are entitled. A secondary beneficiary, in case you die before you receive all of the installments, is entitled to the same exclusion.

Example. As beneficiary, you choose to receive $40,000 of life insurance proceeds in 10 annual installments of $6,000. Each year, you can exclude from your gross income $4,000 ($40,000 x 10) as a return of principal. The balance of the installment, $2,000, is taxable as interest income.

Specified amount payable. If each installment you receive under the insurance contract is a specific amount based on a guaranteed rate of interest, but the number of installments you will receive is uncertain, the part of each installment that you can exclude from income is the amount held by the insurance company divided by the number of installments necessary to use up the principal and guaranteed interest in the contract.

Example. The face amount of the policy is $200,000, and as beneficiary you choose to receive annual installments of $12,000. The insurer's settlement option guarantees you this amount for 20 years based on a guaranteed rate of interest. It also provides that extra interest may be credited to the principal balance according to the insurer's earnings. The excludable part of each guaranteed installment is $10,000 ($200,000 x 20 years). The balance of each guaranteed installment, $2,000, is interest income to you. The full amount of any additional payment for interest is income to you.

Installments for life. If, as the beneficiary under an insurance contract, you are entitled to receive the proceeds in installments for the rest of your life without a refund or period-certain guarantee, you figure the excluded part of each installment by dividing the amount held by the insurance company by your life expectancy. If there is a refund or period-certain guarantee, the amount held by the insurance company for this purpose is reduced by the actuarial value of the guarantee.

Example. As beneficiary, you choose to receive the $50,000 proceeds from a life insurance contract under a "life-income-with-cash-refund option." You are guaranteed $2,700 a year for the rest of your life (which is estimated by use of mortality tables to be 25 years from the insured's death). The actuarial value of the refund feature is $9,000. The amount held by the insurance company, reduced by the value of the guarantee, is $41,000 ($50,000 - $9,000) and the excludable part of each installment representing a return of principal is $1,640 ($41,000 x 25). The remaining $1,060 ($2,700 - $1,640) is interest income to you. If you should die before receiving the entire $50,000, the refund payable to the refund beneficiary is not taxable.

Interest option on insurance. If an insurance company pays you interest only on proceeds from life insurance left on deposit, the interest you are paid is taxable.

Flexible premium contracts. A life insurance contract (including any qualified additional benefits) is a flexible premium life insurance contract if it provides for the payment of one or more premiums that are not fixed by the insurer as to both timing and amount. For contracts issued before January 1, 1985, the proceeds paid because of the death of the insured under a flexible premium contract will be excluded from the recipient's gross income only if the contracts meet the requirements explained under section 101(f) of the Internal Revenue Code.

Basis of Inherited Property

Your basis in property you inherit from a decedent is generally one of the following.

• The fair market value (FMV) of the property at the date of the individual's death.
• The FMV on the alternate valuation date (discussed in the instructions for Form 706), if so elected by the personal representative for the estate.
• The value under the special-use valuation method for real property used in farming or other closely held business (see Special-use valuation, later), if so elected by the personal representative.
• The decedent's adjusted basis in land to the extent of the value that is excluded from the decedent's taxable estate as a qualified conservation easement (discussed in the instructions for Form 706).

Exception for appreciated property. If you or your spouse gave appreciated property to an individual during the 1-year period ending on the date of that individual's death and you (or your spouse) later acquired the same property from the decedent, your basis in the property is the same as the decedent's adjusted basis immediately before death.

Appreciated property. Appreciated property is property that had an FMV on the day it was transferred to the decedent greater than its adjusted basis.

Special-use valuation. If you are a qualified heir and you receive a farm or other closely held business real property from the estate for which the personal representative elected special-use valuation, the property is valued on the basis of its actual use rather than its FMV.

If you are a qualified heir and you buy special-use valuation property from the estate, your basis is the estate's basis (determined under the special-use valuation method) immediately before your purchase increased by any gain recognized by the estate.

You are a qualified heir if you are an ancestor (parent, grandparent, etc.), the spouse, or a lineal descendant (child, grandchild, etc.) of the decedent, a lineal descendant of the decedent's parent or spouse, or the spouse of any of these lineal descendants.

For more information on special-use valuation, see Form 706.

Increased basis for special-use valuation property. Under certain conditions, some or all of the estate tax benefits obtained by using the special-use valuation will be subject to recapture. Generally, an additional estate tax must be paid by the qualified heir if within 10 years of the decedent's death the property is disposed of, or is no longer used for a qualifying purpose.

If you must pay any additional estate (recapture) tax, you can elect to increase your basis in the special-use valuation property to its FMV on the date of the decedent's death (or on the alternate valuation date, if it was elected by the personal representative). If you elect to increase your basis, you must pay interest on the recapture tax for the period from the date 9 months after the decedent's death until the date you pay the recapture tax.

For more information on the recapture tax, see Instructions for Form 706-A.

S corporation stock. The basis of inherited S corporation stock must be reduced if there is income in respect of a decedent attributable to that stock.

Joint interest. Figure the surviving tenant's new basis of property that was jointly owned (joint tenancy or tenancy by the entirety) by adding the surviving tenant's original basis in the property to the value of the part of the property (one of the values described earlier) included in the decedent's estate. Subtract from the sum any deductions for wear and tear, such as depreciation or depletion, allowed to the surviving tenant on that property.

Example. Fred and Anne Maple (brother and sister) owned, as joint tenants with right of survivorship, rental property they purchased for $60,000. Anne paid $15,000 of the purchase price and Fred paid $45,000. Under local law, each had a half interest in the income from the property. When Fred died, the FMV of the property was $100,000. Depreciation deductions allowed before Fred's death were $20,000. Anne's basis in the property is $80,000 figured as follows:

Anne's original basis	$15,000
Interest acquired from Fred ( 3/4 of $100,000)	75,000	$90,000
Minus: 1/2 of $20,000 depreciation		10,000
Anne's basis		$80,000

Qualified joint interest. One-half of the value of property owned by a decedent and spouse as tenants by the entirety, or as joint tenants with right of survivorship if the decedent and spouse are the only joint tenants, is included in the decedent's gross estate. This is true regardless of how much each contributed toward the purchase price.

Figure the basis for a surviving spouse by adding one-half of the property's cost basis to the value included in the gross estate. Subtract from this sum any deductions for wear and tear, such as depreciation or depletion, allowed on that property to the surviving spouse.

Example. Dan and Diane Gilbert owned, as tenants by the entirety, rental property they purchased for $60,000. Dan paid $15,000 of the purchase price and Diane paid $45,000. Under local law, each had a half interest in the income from the property. When Diane died, the FMV of the property was $100,000. Depreciation deductions allowed before Diane's death were $20,000. Dan's basis in the property is $70,000 figured as follows:

One-half of cost basis ( 1/2 of $60,000)	$30,000
Interest acquired from Diane ( 1/2 of $100,000)	50,000	$80,000
Minus: 1/2 of $20,000 depreciation		10,000
Dan's basis		$70,000

More information. See Publication 551, Basis of Assets, for more information on basis. If you and your spouse lived in a community property state, see the discussion in that publication about figuring the basis of your community property after your spouse's death.

Depreciation. If you can depreciate property you inherited, you generally must use the modified accelerated cost recovery system (MACRS) to determine depreciation.

For joint interests and qualified joint interests, you must make the following computations to figure depreciation.

• The first computation is for your original basis in the property.
• The second computation is for the inherited part of the property.

Continue depreciating your original basis under the same method you had used in previous years. Depreciate the inherited part using MACRS.

For more information on MACRS, see Publication 946, How To Depreciate Property.

Substantial valuation misstatement. If the value or adjusted basis of any property claimed on an income tax return is 200% or more of the amount determined to be the correct amount, there is a substantial valuation misstatement. If this misstatement results in an underpayment of tax of more than $5,000, an addition to tax of 20% of the underpayment can apply. The penalty increases to 40% if the value or adjusted basis is 400% or more of the amount determined to be the correct amount. If the value shown on the estate tax return is overstated and you use that value as your basis in the inherited property, you could be liable for the addition to tax.

The IRS may waive all or part of the addition to tax if you have a reasonable basis for the claimed value. The fact that the adjusted basis on your income tax return is the same as the value on the estate tax return is not enough to show that you had a reasonable basis to claim the valuation.

Holding period. If you sell or dispose of inherited property that is a capital asset, you have a long-term gain or loss from property held for more than 1 year, regardless of how long you held the property.

Property distributed in kind. Your basis in property distributed in kind by a decedent's estate is the same as the estate's basis immediately before the distribution plus any gain, or minus any loss, recognized by the estate. Property is distributed in kind if it satisfies your right to receive another property or amount, such as the income of the estate or a specific dollar amount. Property distributed in kind generally includes any noncash property you receive from the estate other than the following.

• A specific bequest (unless it must be distributed in more than three installments).
• Real property, the title to which passes directly to you under local law.

For information on an estate's recognized gain or loss on distributions in kind, see Income To Include under Income Tax Return of an Estate- Form 1041, later.

Other Items of Income

Some other items of income that you, as a survivor or beneficiary, may receive are discussed below. Lump-sum payments you receive as the surviving spouse or beneficiary of a deceased employee may represent accrued salary payments; distributions from employee profit-sharing, pension, annuity, and stock bonus plans; or other items that should be treated separately for tax purposes. The treatment of these lump-sum payments depends on what the payments represent.

Public safety officers. Special rules apply to certain amounts received because of the death of a public safety officer (police and law enforcement officers, fire fighters, ambulance crews, and rescue squads).

Death benefits. The death benefit payable to eligible survivors of public safety officers who die as a result of traumatic injuries sustained in the line of duty is not included in either the beneficiaries' income or the decedent's gross estate. The benefit is administered through the Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA).

The BJA can pay the eligible survivors an emergency interim benefit up to $3,000 if it determines that a public safety officer's death is one for which a death benefit will probably be paid. If there is no final payment, the recipient of the interim benefit is liable for repayment. However, the BJA may waive all or part of the repayment if it will cause a hardship. If all or part of the repayment is waived, that amount is not included in gross income.

Survivor benefits. Generally, a survivor annuity paid to the spouse, former spouse, or child of a public safety officer killed in the line of duty is excluded from the recipient's gross income. The annuity must be provided under a government plan and is excludable to the extent that it is attributable to the officer's service as a public safety officer.

The exclusion does not apply if the recipient's actions were responsible for the officer's death. It also does not apply in the following circumstances.

• The death was caused by the intentional misconduct of the officer or by the officer's intention to cause such death.
• The officer was voluntarily intoxicated at the time of death.
• The officer was performing his or her duties in a grossly negligent manner at the time of death.

This provision applies to officers dying after 1996.

Salary or wages. Salary or wages paid after the employee's death are usually taxable income to the beneficiary. See Wages, earlier, under Specific Types of Income in Respect of a Decedent.

Lump-sum distributions. You may be able to choose optional methods to figure the tax on lump-sum distributions from qualified employee retirement plans. For more information, see Publication 575, Pension and Annuity Income.

Pensions and annuities. For beneficiaries of deceased employees who receive pensions and annuities, see Publication 575. For beneficiaries of federal Civil Service employees, see Publication 721, Tax Guide to U.S. Civil Service Retirement Benefits.

Inherited IRAs. If a person other than the decedent's spouse inherits the decedent's traditional IRA or Roth IRA, that person cannot treat the IRA as one established on his or her behalf. If a distribution from a traditional IRA is from contributions that were deducted or from earnings and gains in the IRA, it is fully taxable income. If there were nondeductible contributions, an allocation between taxable and nontaxable income must be made. For information on distributions from a Roth IRA, see the discussion earlier under Income in Respect of the Decedent. The IRA cannot be rolled over into, or receive a rollover from, another IRA. No deduction is allowed for amounts paid into that inherited IRA. For more information about IRAs, see Publication 590.

Estate income. Estates may have to pay federal income tax. Beneficiaries may have to pay tax on their share of estate income. However, there is never a double tax. See Distributions to Beneficiaries From an Estate, later.

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