Banks or other businesses that pay you certain kinds of income must file an information return (Form 1099) with the IRS. The information return shows how much you were paid during the year. It also includes your name and taxpayer identification number (TIN). TINs are explained later in this discussion.

These payments generally are not subject to withholding. However, "backup" withholding is required in certain situations.

Payments subject to backup withholding. Backup withholding can apply to most kinds of payments that are reported on Form 1099. These include:

• Interest payments (Form 1099-INT),
• Dividends (Form 1099-DIV),
• Patronage dividends, but only if at least half the payment is in money (Form 1099-PATR),
• Rents, profits, or other gains (Form 1099-MISC),
• Commissions, fees, or other payments for work you do as an independent contractor (Form 1099-MISC),
• Payments by brokers (Form 1099-B),
• Payments by fishing boat operators, but only the part that is in money and that represents a share of the proceeds of the catch (Form 1099-MISC), and
• Royalty payments (Form 1099-MISC).

Backup withholding may also apply to gambling winnings. See Backup withholding under Gambling Winnings, earlier.

Payments not subject to backup withholding. Backup withholding does not apply to payments reported on Form 1099-MISC (other than payments by fishing boat operators and royalty payments) unless at least one of the following three situations applies.

1. The amount you receive from any one payer is $600 or more.
2. The payer had to give you a Form 1099 last year.
3. The payer made payments to you last year that were subject to backup withholding.

Form 1099 and backup withholding are generally not required for a payment of less than $10.

Withholding rules. When you open a new account, make an investment, or begin to receive payments reported on Form 1099, the bank or other business will give you Form W-9, Request for Taxpayer Identification Number and Certification, or a similar form. You must show your TIN on the form and, if your account or investment will earn interest or dividends, you also must certify (under penalties of perjury) that your TIN is correct and that you are not subject to backup withholding.

Payments made to you are subject to backup withholding at a flat 31% rate in the following situations.

• You do not give the payer your TIN in the required manner.
• The IRS notifies the payer that the TIN you gave is incorrect.
• You are required, but fail, to certify that you are not subject to backup withholding.
• The IRS notifies the payer to start withholding on interest or dividends because you have underreported interest or dividends on your income tax return. The IRS will do this only after it has mailed you four notices over at least a 120-day period.

Taxpayer identification number (TIN). Your TIN is one of the following three numbers.

1. Your social security number (SSN).
2. Your employer identification number.
3. An IRS individual taxpayer identification number (ITIN). Aliens who do not have an SSN and are not eligible to get one should get an ITIN. Form W-7, Application for IRS Individual Taxpayer Identification Number, is used to apply for an ITIN.

An ITIN is for tax use only. It does not entitle you to social security benefits or change your employment or immigration status under U.S. law. For more information on ITINs, get Publication 1915, Understanding Your IRS Individual Taxpayer Identification Number.

How to prevent or stop backup withholding. If you have been notified by a payer that the TIN you gave is incorrect, you can usually prevent backup withholding from starting or stop backup withholding once it has begun by giving the payer your correct name and TIN. You must certify that the TIN you give is correct.

However, the payer will provide additional instructions if the TIN you gave needs to be validated by the Social Security Administration or by the IRS. This may happen if both the following conditions exist.

1. The IRS notifies the payer twice within 3 calendar years that a TIN you gave for the same account is incorrect.
2. The incorrect TIN is still being used on the account when the payer receives the second notice.

Underreported interest or dividends. If you have been notified that you underreported interest or dividends, you must request a determination from the IRS to prevent backup withholding from starting or to stop backup withholding once it has begun. You must show that at least one of the following situations applies.

• No underreporting occurred.
• You have a bona fide dispute with the IRS about whether an underreporting occurred.
• Backup withholding will cause or is causing an undue hardship and it is unlikely that you will underreport interest and dividends in the future.
• You have corrected the underreporting by filing a return if you did not previously file one and by paying all taxes, penalties, and interest due for any underreported interest or dividend payments.

If the IRS determines that backup withholding should stop, it will provide you with certification and will notify the payers who were sent notices earlier.

Penalties. There are civil and criminal penalties for giving false information to avoid backup withholding. The civil penalty is $500. The criminal penalty, upon conviction, is a fine of up to $1,000 or imprisonment of up to one year, or both.

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