Casualty losses can result from the destruction of, or damage to your property from any sudden, unexpected, or unusual event such as flood, hurricane, tornado, fire, earthquake or even volcanic eruption.

If your property is not completely destroyed, to determine your loss from a casualty, you must first figure the decrease in fair market value of your property as a result of the casualty event. To do this, you must determine the fair market value of your property both immediately before and immediately after the casualty. An appraisal is the best way to make this determination. Compare the decrease in value with your adjusted basis in the property. Adjusted basis is usually its cost plus or minus certain adjustments. The smaller of the two amounts is your loss from the casualty. For more information about the basis of property, select Topic 703.

Once the actual loss is determined, you must reduce it by the amount of any insurance or other reimbursement you receive. Up to this point, figuring the deductible loss is the same for both business and nonbusiness property losses. If the property was held by you for personal use, you further reduce your loss by $100. This $100 reduction of a nonbusiness loss applies to each casualty or theft loss that occurred during the year. The total of all your nonbusiness casualty and theft losses must then be reduced by 10% of your adjusted gross income.

In figuring your loss, the loss of future profits is not considered. The loss of income you will not realize because of the casualty is also not considered.

For information regarding nonbusiness casualty losses and how to deduct them, select Topic 507. Publication 547, Casualties, Disasters and Thefts (Business and Nonbusiness), contains further information on this subject.

Casualty losses are generally deductible only in the year the casualty occurred. However, if you have a deductible loss from a disaster in an area that is officially designated by the President of the United States as eligible for federal disaster assistance, you can choose to deduct that loss on your return for the year immediately preceding the loss year. In other words, you may treat the loss as having occurred in either the current year or the previous year, whichever provides the best tax results for you. If you have already filed your return for the preceding year, the loss may be claimed by filing an amended return, Form 1040X.

Generally, you must make the choice to use the preceding year by the due date of the current year's return, without extensions. For example, the election to deduct a 1998 disaster loss on your 1997 return must be made on or before the due date of the 1998 return. This is April 15, 1999, for calendar year individuals and March 16, 1999, for calendar year corporations. You can revoke this choice within 90 days after making it by returning to the IRS any refund or credit you received from making the choice. However, if you revoke your choice before receiving a refund, you must return the refund within 30 days after receiving it for the revocation to be effective.

If your main home, or any of its contents, is damaged or destroyed as a result of a disaster in a Presidentially declared disaster area, you do not report any gain due to insurance proceeds you receive for unscheduled personal property, such as damaged furniture, that was part of the contents of your home. Any other insurance proceeds received for the home or its contents can be treated as being received for a single item of property. These proceeds can be used to purchase replacement property similar or related in service or use to your home, or its contents. You can elect to recognize gain only to the extent that these funds are more than the cost of the replacement property. The period for purchasing replacement property is extended to four years after the close of the first tax year in which any gain is realized.

Renters qualify to choose relief under these rules if the rented residence is their main home.

If your home is located in a federal disaster area and your state or local government orders you to tear it down or move it because it is no longer safe to live in, the resulting loss in value is treated as a casualty loss. Figure your loss in the same way as any other nonbusiness casualty loss. This order must be issued within 120 days after the area is declared a disaster area.

If your loss deduction is more than your income, you may have a net operating loss. You do not have to be in business to have a net operating loss from a casualty. For more information, see Publication 536, Net Operating Losses.

Casualty losses are claimed on Form 4684, Casualties and Thefts. Section A of Form 4684 is used for nonbusiness property and Section B is used for business property. You may wish to use Publication 584, Nonbusiness Disaster, Casualty, and Theft Loss Workbook, to help you catalog your property.

Beginning in 1998, if the IRS extends the due date for filing your return and for paying your income tax and you are located in a federal disaster area, the IRS will abate the interest that would otherwise accrue for the extension period.

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