This chapter discusses withholding on these types of income:

• Salaries and wages,
• Tips,
• Taxable fringe benefits,
• Sick pay,
• Pensions and annuities,
• Gambling winnings,
• Unemployment compensation, and
• Certain federal payments.

This chapter explains in detail the rules for withholding tax from each of these types of income.

This chapter also covers backup withholding on interest, dividends, and other payments.

Salaries and Wages

Income tax is withheld from the pay of most employees. Your pay includes bonuses, commissions, and vacation allowances, in addition to your regular pay. It also includes reimbursements and other expense allowances paid under a nonaccountable plan. See Supplemental Wages, later.

Military retirees. Military retirement pay is treated in the same manner as regular pay for income tax withholding purposes, even though it is treated as a pension or annuity for other tax purposes.

Household workers. If you are a household worker, you can ask your employer to withhold income tax from your pay. Tax is withheld only if you want it withheld and your employer agrees to withhold it. If you do not have enough income tax withheld, you may have to make estimated tax payments, as discussed later under Estimated Tax.

Farmworkers. Income tax is generally withheld from your cash wages for work on a farm unless your employer both:

1. Pays you cash wages of less than $150 during the year, and
2. Has expenditures for agricultural labor totaling less than $2,500 during the year.

If you receive either cash wages not subject to withholding or noncash wages, you can ask your employer to withhold income tax. If your employer does not agree to withhold tax, or if not enough is withheld, you may have to make estimated tax payments, as discussed later under Estimated Tax.

Amount Withheld

The amount of income tax your employer withholds from your regular pay depends on two things.

1. The amount you earn.
2. The information you give your employer on Form W-4.

Form W-4 includes three types of information that your employer will use to figure your withholding.

1. Whether to withhold at the single rate or at the lower married rate.
2. How many withholding allowances you claim (each allowance reduces the amount withheld).
3. Whether you want an additional amount withheld.

If your income is low enough that you will not have to pay income tax for the year, you may be exempt from withholding. See Exemption From Withholding, later.

Note. You must specify a filing status and a number of withholding allowances on Form W-4. You cannot specify only a dollar amount of withholding.

New job. When you start a new job, you must fill out Form W-4 and give it to your employer. Your employer should have copies of the form. If you later need to change the information you gave, you must fill out a new form.

If you work only part of the year (for example, you start working after the beginning of the year), too much tax may be withheld. You may be able to avoid overwithholding if your employer agrees to use the part-year method. See Part-year method in chapter 1 of Publication 505 for more information.

Changing your withholding. Events during the year may change your marital status or the exemptions, adjustments, deductions, or credits you expect to claim on your return. When this happens, you may need to give your employer a new Form W-4 to change your withholding status or number of allowances.

You must give your employer a new Form W-4 within 10 days after either of the following.

1. Your divorce, if you have been claiming married status.
2. Any event that decreases the number of withholding allowances you can claim.

Generally, you can submit a new Form W-4 at any time you wish to change the number of your withholding allowances for any other reason.

Changing your withholding for 2000. If events in 1999 will decrease the number of your withholding allowances for 2000, you must give your employer a new Form W-4 by December 1, 1999. If the event occurs in December 1999, submit a new Form W-4 within 10 days.

Cumulative wage method. If you change the number of your withholding allowances during the year, too much or too little tax may have been withheld for the period before you made the change. You may be able to compensate for this if your employer agrees to use the cumulative wage withholding method for the rest of the year. You must ask in writing that your employer use this method.

To be eligible, you must have been paid for the same kind of payroll period (weekly, biweekly, etc.) since the beginning of the year.

Checking your withholding. After you have given your employer a Form W-4, you can check to see whether the amount of tax withheld from your pay is too little or too much. See Getting the Right Amount of Tax Withheld, later. If too much or too little tax is being withheld, you should give your employer a new Form W-4 to change your withholding.

Note. You cannot give your employer a payment to cover withholding for past pay periods. Nor can you give your employer a payment for estimated tax.

Completing Form W-4

Form W-4 has worksheets to help you figure how many withholding allowances you can claim. The worksheets are for your own records. Do not give them to your employer.

You do not have to use the worksheets if you use a more accurate method of figuring the number of withholding allowances. See Alternative method of figuring withholding allowances under Completing Form W-4 and Worksheets in chapter 1 of Publication 505 for more information.

Two jobs. If you have income from two jobs at the same time, complete only one set of Form W-4 worksheets. Then split your allowances between the Forms W-4 for each job. You cannot claim the same allowances with more than one employer at the same time. You can claim all your allowances with one employer and none with the other, or divide them in any other way you wish.

Married individuals. If both you and your spouse are employed and you expect to file a joint return, figure your withholding allowances using your combined income, adjustments, deductions, exemptions, and credits. Use only one set of worksheets. You can divide your total allowances in any way you wish, but you cannot claim an allowance that your spouse also claims.

If you and your spouse expect to file separate returns, figure your allowances separately based on your own individual income, adjustments, deductions, exemptions, and credits.

Personal Allowances Worksheet. Use the Personal Allowances Worksheet on page 1 of Form W-4 to figure your withholding allowances for exemptions and any special allowances that apply.

Deductions and Adjustments Worksheet. Fill out this worksheet to adjust the number of your withholding allowances for deductions, adjustments to income, and tax credits. The Deductions and Adjustments Worksheet is on page 2 of Form W-4. Chapter 1 of Publication 505 explains this worksheet.

Two-Earner/Two-Job Worksheet. You may need to complete this worksheet if you have two jobs or a working spouse. You can also add to the amount, if any, on line 8 of this worksheet, any additional withholding necessary to cover any amount you expect to owe other than income tax, such as self-employment tax.

For more information about Form W-4 and a filled-in example, see chapter 1 of Publication 505.

Getting the Right Amount of Tax Withheld

In most situations, the tax withheld from your pay will be close to the tax you figure on your return if you follow these two rules.

1. You accurately complete all the Form W-4 worksheets that apply to you.
2. You give your employer a new Form W-4 when changes occur.

But because the worksheets and withholding methods do not account for all possible situations, you may not be getting the right amount withheld. This is most likely to happen in the following situations.

• You are married and both you and your spouse work.
• You have more than one job at a time.
• You have nonwage income, such as interest, dividends, alimony, or self-employment income.
• You will owe additional amounts with your return, such as self-employment tax.
• Your withholding is based on obsolete Form W-4 information for a substantial part of the year.
• Your earnings are more than $150,000 if you are single or $200,000 if you are married.

To make sure you are getting the right amount of tax withheld, get Publication 919. It will help you compare the total tax to be withheld during the year with the tax you can expect to figure on your return. It also will help you determine how much, if any, additional withholding is needed each payday to avoid owing tax when you file your return. If you do not have enough tax withheld, you may have to make estimated tax payments, as explained under Estimated Tax, later.

Rules Your Employer Must Follow

The following are some of the withholding rules that can affect how you fill out your Form W-4 and how you handle problems that may arise. For other rules, see Rules Your Employer Must Follow in chapter 1 of Publication 505.

New Form W-4. When you start a new job, your employer should give you a Form W-4 to fill out. Your employer will use the information you give on the form to figure your withholding, beginning with your first payday.

If you later fill out a new Form W-4, your employer can put it into effect as soon as it is practical to do so. The deadline for putting it into effect is the start of the first payroll period ending 30 or more days after you turn it in.

No Form W-4. If you do not give your employer a completed Form W-4, your employer must withhold at the highest rate--as if you were single and claimed no allowances.

Repaying withheld tax. If you find you are having too much tax withheld because you did not claim all the withholding allowances you are entitled to, you should give your employer a new Form W-4. Your employer cannot repay you any of the tax withheld under your old Form W-4.

However, if your employer has withheld more than the correct amount of tax for the Form W-4 you have in effect, you do not have to fill out a new Form W-4 to have your withholding lowered to the correct amount. Your employer can repay you the amount that was incorrectly withheld. If you are not repaid, you will receive credit on your tax return for the full amount actually withheld.

Exemption From Withholding

If you claim exemption from withholding, your employer will not withhold federal income tax from your wages. The exemption applies only to income tax, not to social security or Medicare tax.

You can claim exemption from withholding for 1999 only if both the following situations apply.

1. For 1998 you had a right to a refund of all federal income tax withheld because you had no tax liability.
2. For 1999 you expect a refund of all federal income tax withheld because you expect to have no tax liability.

Student. If you are a student, you are not automatically exempt. See chapter 1 to see if you must file a return. If you work only part time or only during the summer, you may qualify for exemption from withholding.

Age 65 or older or blind. If you are 65 or older or blind, use one of the worksheets in chapter 1 of Publication 505, under Exemption From Withholding, to help you decide whether you can claim exemption from withholding. Do not use either of those worksheets if you will itemize deductions or claim dependents or tax credits on your 1999 return--see the following discussion instead.

Itemizing deductions or claiming dependents or tax credits. If you had no tax liability for 1998 and you will itemize your deductions or claim dependents or tax credits on your 1999 return, use the 1999 Estimated Tax Worksheet in Form 1040-ES (or see chapter 2 of Publication 505) to figure your 1999 expected tax liability. You can claim exemption from withholding only if your total expected tax liability is zero.

Claiming exemption. To claim exemption, you must give your employer a Form W-4. Write "EXEMPT" on line 7.

Your employer must send the IRS a copy of your Form W-4 if you claim exemption from withholding and your pay is expected to usually be more than $200 a week. If it turns out that you do not qualify for exemption, the IRS will send both you and your employer a written notice.

If you claim exemption, but later your situation changes so that you will have to pay income tax after all, you must file a new Form W-4 within 10 days after the change. If you claim exemption in 1999, but you expect to owe income tax for 2000, you must file a new Form W-4 by December 1, 1999.

An exemption is good for only one year. You must give your employer a new Form W-4 by February 15 each year to continue your exemption.

Supplemental Wages

Supplemental wages include bonuses, commissions, overtime pay, and certain sick pay. Your employer or other payer of supplemental wages may withhold income tax from these wages at a flat rate of 28%. The payer can also figure withholding using the same method used for your regular wages.

Also see Sick Pay, later.

Expense allowances. Reimbursements or other expense allowances paid by your employer under a nonaccountable plan are treated as supplemental wages.

Reimbursements or other expense allowances paid under an accountable plan that are more than your proven expenses are treated as paid under a nonaccountable plan. However, this does not apply if you return the excess payments within a reasonable period of time.

For more information about accountable and nonaccountable expense allowance plans, see Reimbursements in chapter 28.

Penalties

You may have to pay a penalty of $500 if both of the following apply.

1. You make statements or claim withholding allowances on your Form W-4 that reduce the amount of tax withheld.
2. You have no reasonable basis for those statements or allowances at the time you prepare your Form W-4.

There is also a criminal penalty for willfully supplying false or fraudulent information on your Form W-4 or for willfully failing to supply information that would increase the amount withheld. The penalty upon conviction can be either a fine of up to $1,000 or imprisonment for up to one year, or both.

These penalties will apply if you deliberately and knowingly falsify your Form W-4 in an attempt to reduce or eliminate the proper withholding of taxes. A simple error -- an honest mistake -- will not result in one of these penalties. For example, a person who has tried to figure the number of withholding allowances correctly, but claims seven when the proper number is six, will not be charged a W-4 penalty.

Tips

The tips you receive while working on your job are considered part of your pay. You must include your tips on your tax return on the same line as your regular pay. However, tax is not withheld directly from tip income, as it is from your regular pay. Nevertheless, your employer will take into account the tips you report when figuring how much to withhold from your regular pay.

See chapter 7 for information on reporting your tips to your employer. For more information on the withholding rules for tip income, see Publication 531, Reporting Tip Income.

How employer figures amount to withhold. The tips you report to your employer are counted as part of your income for the month you report them. Your employer can figure your withholding in either of two ways.

1. By withholding at the regular rate on the sum of your pay plus your reported tips.
2. By withholding at the regular rate on your pay plus an amount equal to 28% of your reported tips.

Not enough pay to cover taxes. If your regular pay is too low for your employer to withhold all the tax (including social security tax, Medicare tax, or railroad retirement tax) due on your pay plus your tips, you can give your employer money to cover the shortage.

If you do not give your employer money to cover the shortage, your employer will first withhold as much social security tax, Medicare tax, or railroad retirement tax as possible, up to the proper amount, and then withhold income tax up to the full amount of your pay. If not enough tax is withheld, you may have to make estimated tax payments. When you file your return, you also may have to pay any social security tax, Medicare tax, or railroad retirement tax your employer could not withhold.

Allocated tips. Your employer should not withhold income tax, social security tax, Medicare tax, or railroad retirement tax on any allocated tips. Withholding is based only on your pay plus your reported tips. Your employer should refund to you any incorrectly withheld tax. See Allocated Tips in chapter 7 for more information.

Taxable Fringe Benefits

The value of certain noncash fringe benefits you receive from your employer is considered part of your pay. Your employer generally must withhold income tax on these benefits from your regular pay for the period the benefits are paid or considered paid.

For information on taxable fringe benefits, see Fringe Benefits under Employee Compensation in chapter 6.

Your employer can choose not to withhold income tax on the value of your personal use of a car, truck, or other highway motor vehicle provided by your employer. Your employer must notify you if this choice is made.

For more information on withholding on taxable fringe benefits, see chapter 1 of Publication 505.

Sick Pay

"Sick pay" is a payment to you to replace your regular wages while you are temporarily absent from work due to sickness or personal injury. To qualify as "sick pay," it must be paid under a plan to which your employer is a party.

If you receive sick pay from your employer or an agent of your employer, income tax must be withheld just as it is from your regular pay.

However, if you receive sick pay from a third party who is not acting as an agent of your employer, income tax will be withheld only if you choose to have it withheld. See Form W-4S, later.

If you receive payments under a plan in which your employer does not participate (such as an accident or health plan where you paid all the premiums), the payments are not sick pay and usually are not taxable.

Union agreements. If you receive sick pay under a collective bargaining agreement between your union and your employer, the agreement may determine the amount of income tax withholding. See your union representative or your employer for more information.

Form W-4S. If you choose to have income tax withheld from sick pay paid by a third party, such as an insurance company, you must fill out Form W-4S, Request for Federal Income Tax Withholding From Sick Pay. Its instructions contain a worksheet you can use to figure the amount you want withheld. They also explain restrictions that may apply.

Give the completed form to the payer of your sick pay. The payer must withhold according to your directions on the form.

If you do not request withholding on Form W-4S, or if you do not have enough tax withheld, you may have to make estimated tax payments. If you do not pay enough estimated tax or have enough income tax withheld, you may have to pay a penalty. See Who Must Make Estimated Tax Payments and Underpayment Penalty, later in this chapter.

Pensions and Annuities

Income tax usually will be withheld from your pension or annuity distributions, unless you choose not to have it withheld. This rule applies to distributions from:

• An individual retirement arrangement (IRA),
• A life insurance company under an endowment, annuity, or life insurance contract,
• A pension, annuity, or profit-sharing plan,
• A stock bonus plan, and
• Any other plan that defers the time you receive compensation.

The amount withheld depends on whether you receive payments spread out over more than one year (periodic payments), within one year (nonperiodic payments), or as an eligible rollover distribution (ERD). You cannot choose not to have income tax withheld from an ERD.

More information. For more information on taxation of annuities and distributions (including eligible rollover distributions) from qualified retirement plans, see chapter 11. For information on IRAs, see chapter 18. For more information on withholding on pensions and annuities, including a discussion of Form W-4P, Withholding Certificate for Pension or Annuity Payments, see Pensions and Annuities in chapter 1 of Publication 505.

Gambling Winnings

Income tax is withheld from certain kinds of gambling winnings. The amount withheld is 28% of the proceeds paid (the amount of your winnings minus the amount of your bet).

Gambling winnings of more than $5,000 from the following sources are subject to income tax withholding.

• Any sweepstakes, wagering pool, or lottery.
• Any other wager, if the proceeds are at least 300 times the amount of the bet.

It does not matter whether your winnings are paid in cash, in property, or as an annuity. Winnings not in money are taken into account at their fair market value.

Gambling winnings from bingo, keno, and slot machines are not subject to income tax withholding. If you receive gambling winnings not subject to withholding, you may need to make estimated tax payments. (See Estimated Tax, later.)

If you do not pay enough tax through withholding or estimated tax payments, you may be subject to a penalty. (See Underpayment Penalty, later.)

Form W-2G. If a payer withholds income tax from your gambling winnings, you should receive a Form W-2G, Certain Gambling Winnings, showing the amount you won and the amount withheld.

Reporting your winnings. Report your winnings on line 21 of Form 1040. Report the tax withheld on line 57 of Form 1040. Gambling losses are deductible only to the extent they offset gambling winnings. You must use Schedule A (Form 1040) to deduct your losses and to deduct state tax withholding.

Unemployment Compensation

You can choose to have income tax withheld from any unemployment compensation you get. To make this choice, you will have to fill out Form W-4V, Voluntary Withholding Request, (or a similar form provided by the payer) and give it to the payer. The amount withheld will be 15% of each payment.

Unemployment compensation is taxable. So, if you do not have income tax withheld, you may have to make estimated tax payments. See Estimated Tax, later.

If you do not pay enough tax either through withholding or estimated tax, you may have to pay a penalty. See Underpayment Penalty, later, for information.

Federal Payments

You can choose to have income tax withheld from certain federal payments you receive. These payments are:

1. Social security benefits,
2. Tier 1 railroad retirement benefits,
3. Commodity credit loans included in your gross income, and
4. Payments under the Agricultural Act of 1949, or title II of the Disaster Assistance Act of 1988, as amended, that are treated as insurance proceeds and that you receive because:
   1. Your crops were destroyed or damaged by drought, flood, or any other natural disaster, or
   2. You were unable to plant crops because of a natural disaster described in (a).

To make this choice, you will have to fill out Form W-4V, Voluntary Withholding Request, (or a similar form provided by the payer) and give it to the payer. You can choose to have 7%, 15%, 28%, or 31% of each payment withheld.

If you do not choose to have income tax withheld, you may have to make estimated tax payments. See Estimated Tax, later. If you do not pay enough tax either through withholding or estimated tax, you may have to pay a penalty. See Underpayment Penalty, later, for information.

More information. For more information about the tax treatment of social security and railroad retirement benefits, see chapter 12. Get Publication 225, Farmer's Tax Guide, for information about the tax treatment of commodity credit loans or crop disaster payments.

Backup Withholding

Banks and other businesses that pay you certain kinds of income must file an information return (Form 1099) with the IRS. The information return shows how much you were paid during the year. It also includes your name and taxpayer identification number (TIN). Your TIN generally is either a social security number or an employer identification number.

These payments generally are not subject to withholding. However, "backup" withholding is required in certain situations. And, backup withholding can apply to most kinds of payments that are reported on Form 1099.

Payments made to you are subject to backup withholding at a flat 31% rate in the following situations.

• You do not give the payer your TIN in the required manner.
• The IRS notifies the payer that the TIN you gave is incorrect.
• You are required, but fail, to certify that you are not subject to backup withholding.
• The IRS notifies the payer to start withholding on interest or dividends because you have underreported interest or dividends on your income tax return. The IRS will do this only after it has mailed you four notices over at least a 120-day period.

See Backup Withholding in chapter 1 of Publication 505 for more information.

Penalties. There are civil and criminal penalties for giving false information to avoid backup withholding. The civil penalty is $500. The criminal penalty, upon conviction, is a fine of up to $1,000, or imprisonment of up to one year, or both.

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