For Tax Professionals  

U.S. Tax Treaties

The United States has income tax treaties with a number of foreign countries. Under these treaties, residents (not necessarily citizens) of foreign countries are taxed at a reduced rate, or are exempt from U.S. income taxes on certain items of income they receive from sources within the United States. These reduced rates and exemptions vary among countries and specific items of income.

If the treaty does not cover a particular kind of income, or if there is no treaty between your country and the United States, you must pay tax on the income in the same way and at the same rates shown in the instructions for Form 1040NR. Also see Publication 519.

Tax treaties reduce the U.S. taxes of residents of foreign countries. With certain exceptions, they do not reduce the U.S. taxes of U.S. citizens or residents. U.S. citizens and residents are subject to U.S. income tax on their worldwide income.

Treaty provisions generally are reciprocal (apply to both treaty countries); therefore, a U.S. citizen or resident who receives income from a treaty country may refer to the tables in IRS Publication 901 to see if a tax treaty might affect the tax to be paid to that foreign country. Foreign taxing authorities sometimes require certification from the U.S. Government that an applicant filed an income tax return as a U.S. citizen or resident, as part of the proof of entitlement to the treaty benefits. For information on this, see Publication 686.

All Treaties are available in Adobe Acrobat PDF format. You will need the appropriate PDF Reader to view, print, or download the PDF version. There are different Acrobat Readers for different platforms. If you do not have the appropriate Acrobat Reader plugged into your browser, click on the HTML version or click on the link at the bottom of the page to obtain a FREE copy from Adobe.

Andorra
Document Released January 2006
Argentina
Document Released January 2002
Australia
Effective Date: December 1, 1983
The Convention between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of Australia for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income, signed at Sydney on August 6, 1982.
Effective Date: December 1, 1983
United States Treasury Department Technical Explanation of the Convention Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of Australia for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income
Document Released January 2002
Austria
Effective Date: January 1, 1999
The Convention Between the United States of America and the Republic of Austria for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income, signed at Vienna on May 31, 1996 ("the Convention").
Document Released January 2002
Bahamas
Document Released January 2002
Bailiwick of Guernsey
Document Released January 2002
Barbados
Effective Date: January 1, 1984
The Convention between the United States of America and Barbados for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with respect to Taxes on Income (referred to hereafter as "the Convention"), together with an exchange of notes, signed at Bridgetown on December 31, 1984.
Document Released October 2000
Belgium
Effective Date: January 1, 1971
A Convention between the United States of America and the Kingdom of Belgium for the avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion with respect to taxes on income, signed at Brussels on July 9,1970.
Effective Date: January 1, 1970
Technical explanation of U.S. - Belgium Income Tax Convention, signed July 9, 1970
Document Released May 2006
Bermuda
Document Released January 2002
British Virgin Islands
Document Released January 2002
Canada
Effective Date: January 1, 1985
A Convention between the United States of America and Canada with respect to Taxes on Income and Capital (the Convention), signed at Washington on September 26, 1980, and a related exchange of notes signed on the same day.
Effective Date: January 1, 1985
Treasury Department Technical Explanation of the Convention Between the United States of America and Canada with Respect to Taxes on Income and on Capital Signed at Washington, D.C. on September 26, 1980, as Amended by the Protocol Signed at Ottawa On June 14, 1983 and The Protocol Signed at Washington on March 28, 1984.
Document Released January 2002
Cayman Islands
Document Released January 2002
Chile
Document Released January 2002
China
Effective Date: January 1, 1987
Agreement and Related Protocol Signed at Beijing on April 30, 1984; Second Protocol Signed at Beijing on May 10, 1986; Ratification Advised by The Senate of The United States of America on July 24, 1986; Instruments of Ratification Exchanged on October 22,1986; Entered into Force on January 1, 1987. General Effective Date: Under Article 27: 1 January 1987
Effective Date: January 1, 1987
Treasury Department Technical Explanation of the Agreement between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the People's Republic of China for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Tax Evasion with Respect to Taxes On Income
Cyprus
Effective Date: January 1, 1986
The Convention between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Republic of Cyprus for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income (the Convention), together with a related exchange of notes, signed at Nicosia on March 19, 1984.
Effective Date: January 1, 1986
Treasury Department Technical Explanation of the Convention between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Republic of Cyprus for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income Signed At Nicosia on March 19, 1984
Czech Republic
Effective Date: January 1, 1993
The Convention Between the United States of America and the Czech Republic for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income, signed in Prague on September 16, 1993. The new Convention will be the first income tax Convention between the two countries, and is part of the continuing effort of the United States to expand economic relations with the Czech Republic.
Document Released January 2002
Denmark
Effective Date: January 1, 1948
A Convention between the United States of America, and the Kingdom of Denmark for the avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion with respect to taxes on income, signed at Washington on May 6, 1948.
Effective Date: January 1, 2001
Tax Convention with Denmark, General Effective Date: Under Article 29: 1 January, 2001
Effective Date: January 1, 2001
Department of the Treasury Technical Explanation of the Convention Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Kingdom of Denmark for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income Signed At Washington, August 19, 1999
Document Released January 2006
Egypt
Effective Date: January 1, 1982
The Convention between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Arab Republic of Egypt for the avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion with respect to taxes on income, (the Convention) signed at Cairo on August 24, 1980.
Effective Date: January 1, 1982
This is a technical explanation of the Convention between the United States and Egypt, signed on August 24, 1980 ("the Convention").
Estonia
Effective Date: January 1, 2000
The Convention Between the United States of America and the Republic of Estonia for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income, signed at Washington on January 15, 1998 ("the Convention").
Effective Date: January 1, 2000
Department of the Treasury Technical Explanation of the Convention between the United States of America and the Republic of Estonia for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income
Finland
Effective Date: January 1, 1991
The Convention between the United States of America and Finland for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with respect to Taxes on Income and on Capital, signed at Helsinki on September 21, 1989.
Effective Date: January 1, 1991
Treasury Department Technical Explanation of the Agreement Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of Finland for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income and o
Document Released January 2006
France
Effective Date: January 1, 1996
The Convention Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the French Republic for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income and Capital, signed at Paris on August 31, 1994, together with two related exchanges of notes signed on the same date.
Effective Date: January 1, 1996
Treasury Department Technical Explanation of the Convention Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the French Republic for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on
Document Released January 2002
Germany
Effective Date: January 1, 1990
The Convention between the United States of America and the Federal Republic of Germany for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with respect to Taxes on income and Capital and to Certain Other Taxes, together with a related Protocol, signed at Bonn on August 29, 1989.
Effective Date: January 1, 1990
Treasury Department Technical Explanation of the Convention and Protocol between the United States of America and the Federal Republic of Germany for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes On Income and Capital and to Certain Other Taxes Signed at Bonn on August 29, 1989
Document Released January 2002
Gibraltar
Document Released January 2002
Greece
Effective Date: January 1, 1953
A Convention between the United States of America and Greece for the avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion with respect to taxes on income, signed at Athens on February 20, 1950.
Hong Kong
Document Released January 2002
Hungary
Effective Date: January 1, 1980
A Convention between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Hungarian People's Republic for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income, signed at Washington, February 12, 1979.
Effective Date: January 1, 1980
Treasury Department Technical Explanation of the Convention and Protocol between the United States of America and the Hungarian's Peoples Republic for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes On Income
Iceland
Effective Date: January 1, 1976
The Convention between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Republic of Iceland for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income and Capital, signed at Reykjavik on May 7, 1975. There is presently no such treaty in force between the United States and Iceland.
Indonesia
Effective Date: January 1, 1990
The Convention between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Republic of Indonesia for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income, together with a related Protocol and exchange of notes, signed at Jakarta on July 11, 1988.
Ireland
Effective Date: January 1, 1998
The Convention Between the Government of Ireland for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income and Capital Gains, signed at Dublin on July 28, 1997, ("the Convention") together with a Protocol and an exchange of notes done on the same date, which, in each case provides binding interpretations and understandings concerning the application of the Convention.
Effective Date: January 1, 1998
Department of the Treasury Technical Explanation of the Convention Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of Ireland for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion With Respect to Taxes on Income and Capital Gains Signed At Dublin on July 28, 1997 and the Protocol Signed At Dublin on July 28, 1997 - General Effective Date: Under Article 29: 1 January 1998
Document Released January 2006
India, Republic of
Effective Date: January 1, 1991
The Convention between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Republic of India for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income, together with a related Protocol, signed at New Delhi on September 12, 1989.
Effective Date: January 1, 1991
Treasury Department Technical Explanation of the Convention and Protocol between the United States of America and the Republic of India for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes On Income Signed at New Delhi on September 12, 1989
Isle of Man
Document Released January 2002
Israel
Effective Date: January 1, 1995
Convention Between The Government of the United States of America and the Government of the State of Israel With Respect to Taxes on Income - General Effective Date: Under Article 31: 1 January 1995
Document Released January 2006
Document Released January 2002
Document Released January 2002
Italy
Effective Date: January 1, 1985
The Convention between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Republic of Italy for the Avoidance of Double Taxation with Respect to Taxes on Income and the Prevention of Fraud or Fiscal Evasion (referred to hereafter as "the Convention"), together with a supplementary Protocol and exchange of notes signed at Rome on April 17,1984. (Convention signed in 1999 is NOT available.)
Effective Date after 1999
Department of the Treasury Technical Explanation of the Convention between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Italian Republic for the Avoidance of Double Taxation with Respect to Taxes on Income and the Prevention of Fraud or Fiscal Evasion
Document Released February 2006
Jamaica
Effective Date: January 1, 1982
The Convention between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of Jamaica for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income (the Convention), together with a related exchange of notes, signed at Kingston on May 21, 1980.
Japan
Effective Date: January 1, 1973
A Convention between the United States of America and Japan for the avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion with respect to taxes on income, signed at Tokyo on March 8,1971.
Effective Date: January 1, 1973
Technical Explanation of the United States-Japan Income Tax Convention
Document Released January 2002
(1) Japanese Trust Banks
Document Released January 2006
(2) Japanese Securities Dealers
Document Released December 2000
(3) Japanese Investment Trust Management Companies
Jersey
Document Released January 2002
Kazakhstan, Republic of
Effective Date: January 1, 1996
The Convention between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income and Capital, together with the Protocol and two related exchanges of notes, signed at Almaty on October 24, 1993.
Korea, Republic of
Effective Date: January 1, 1980
The Convention between the United States and the Republic of Korea for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income and the Encouragement of International Trade and Investment signed at Seoul June 4, 1976, together with a related exchange of notes.
Document Released January 2002
Latvia
Effective Date: January 1, 2000
The Convention Between the United States of America and the Republic of Latvia for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income, signed at Washington on January 15, 1998 ("the Convention").
Effective Date: January 1, 2000
Department of the Treasury Technical Explanation of the Convention between the United States of America and the Republic of Latvia for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income
Liechtenstein
Document Released June 2005
Lithuania
Effective Date: January 1, 2000
The Convention Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Republic of Lithuania for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income, signed at Washington on January 15, 1998 ("the Convention").
Effective Date: January 1, 2000
Department of the Treasury Technical Explanation of the Convention between the United States of America and the Republic of Lithuania for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income
Luxembourg
Effective Date: January 1, 1964
A Convention between the United States of America and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg for the avoidance of double taxation of income, the prevention of fiscal evasion, and the promotion of trade and investment, signed at Washington on December 18, 1962.
Document Released June 2005
Mexico
Effective Date: January 1, 1994
The Convention Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the United Mexican States for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income, together with a related Protocol, signed at Washington on September 18, 1992.
Monaco
Document Released January 2002
Morocco, Kingdom of
Effective Date: January 1, 1981
The Convention between the United States and the Kingdom of Morocco for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income, signed at Rabat August 1, 1977, together with a related exchange of notes.
Netherlands, Kingdom of the
Effective Date: January 1, 1994
The Convention Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income, signed at Washington on December 18, 1992. The Convention would replace the 1948 income tax Convention between the United States and the Netherlands, which was last amended in 1965.
Document Released January 2002
Netherlands Antilles
Document Released January 2006
New Zealand
Effective Date: November 2, 1983
The Convention between the United States of America and New Zealand for the avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion with respect to taxes on income, together with a related Protocol, signed at Wellington on July 23, 1982.
Norway
Effective Date: January 1, 1971
A Convention between the United States of America and the Kingdom of Norway for the avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion with respect to taxes on income and property, signed at Oslo on December 3, 1971.
Document Released January 2002
Pakistan
Effective Date: January 1, 1959
A Convention between the United States of America and Pakistan for the avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion with respect to taxes on income, signed at Washington on July 1, 1957.
Panama
Document Released January 2002
Philippines
Effective Date: January 1, 1983
The Convention between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Republic of the Philippines with Respect to Taxes on Income, signed at Manila on October 1, 1976, and an exchange of notes between Secretary of the Treasury William E. Simon and Secretary of Finance Cesar Virata interpreting Article 23(2) of the Convention, done at Washington on November 24, 1976.
Poland
Effective Date: January 1, 1974
The Convention between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Polish People's Republic for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Income, and a related exchange of notes, signed at Washington on October 8, 1974.
Portugal
Effective Date: January 1, 1996
The Convention between the United States of America and the Portuguese Republic for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income, together with the related Protocol, signed at Washington, September 6, 1994.
Document Released January 2006
Romania, Socialist Republic of
Effective Date: January 1, 1974
The Convention between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Socialist Republic of Romania with Respect to Taxes on Income, signed at Washington on December 4, 1973.
Russian Federation
Effective Date: January 1, 1994
The Convention between the United States of America and the Russian Federation for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with respect to Taxes on Income and Capital, together with a related protocol, which you signed at Washington on June 17, 1992.
Saint Lucia
Document Released January 2002
Singapore
Document Released January 2002
Slovak Republic
Effective Date: January 1, 1993
The Convention Between the United States of America and the Slovak Republic for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income, signed in Bratislava on October 8, 1993. The new Convention will be the first income tax Convention between the two countries, and is part of the ongoing effort of the United States to expand economic relations with the Slovak Republic.
South Africa, Republic of
Effective Date: January 1, 1998
The Convention Between the United States of America and the Republic of South Africa for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income and Capital Gains, signed at Cape Town on February 17, 1997.
Effective Date: January 1, 1998
Department of the Treasury Technical Explanation of the Convention Between the United States of America and the Republic of South Africa for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income and Capital Gails.
Spain
Effective Date: January 1, 1991
The Convention between the United States of America and the Kingdom of Spain for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with respect to Taxes on Income, together with a related Protocol, signed at Madrid on February 22, 1990.
Document Released January 2002
Sweden
Effective Date: January 1, 1996
The Convention Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of Sweden for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income signed at Stockholm on September 1, 1994, together with a related exchange of notes.
Document Released January 2006
Switzerland (Swiss Confederation)
Effective Date: January 1, 1998
The Convention Between the United States of America and the Swiss Confederation for the Avoidance of Double Taxation with Respect to Taxes on Income, signed at Washington on October 2, 1996, ("the Convention") together with a Protocol. Also enclosed for the information of the Senate is an exchange of notes with an attached Memorandum of Understanding, which provides clarification with respect to the application of the Convention in specified cases.
Effective Date: January 1, 1998
Department of the Treasury Technical Explanation of the Convention between the United States of America and the Swiss Confederation for the Avoidance of Double Taxation with Respect to Taxes on Income Signed at Washington on October 2, 1996 and the Protocol Signed At Washington on October 2, 1996
Document Released January 2006
Thailand
Effective Date: January 1, 1998
The Convention Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Kingdom of Thailand for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income, signed at Bangkok on November 26, 1996 ("the Convention"). Also provided for the information of the Senate is a related exchange of notes.
Effective Date: January 1, 1998
Department of the Treasury Technical Explanation of the Convention between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Kingdom of Thailand for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income Signed at Bangkok on November 26, 1996
Trinidad & Tobago
Effective Date: January 1, 1970
A Convention between the United States of America and Trinidad and Tobago for the avoidance of double taxation, the prevention of fiscal evasion with respect to taxes on income, and the encouragement of international trade and development, signed at Port of Spain on January 9, 1970.
Tunisia
Effective Date: January 1, 1990
The Convention between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Tunisian Republic for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income, together with a related exchange of notes, signed at Washington on June 17, 1985.
Turkey
Effective Date: January 1, 1998
The Agreement Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Republic of Turkey for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income, together with a related Protocol, signed at Washington March 28, 1996 ("the Agreement").
Turks & Caicos Islands
Document Released January 2002
Ukraine
Effective Date: January 1, 2001
Convention between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of Ukraine for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income and Capital
United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
Effective Date: January 1, 1975
The Convention between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland for the Avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion with respect to taxes on income signed at London on December 31, 1975, and an exchange of notes signed at London on April 13, 1976, modifying certain provisions of the Convention.
Effective Date: January 1, 1975
Technical Explanation of the Convention between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income and Capital Gains Signed at London, on December 31, 1975, As Amended By the Notes Exchanged at London on April 13, 1976, the Protocol Signed at London on August 26, 1976, and the Second Protocol Signed at London on March 31, 1977
Document Released July 2006
United States
September 20, 1996
United States Model Income Tax Convention of September 20, 1996
September 20, 1996
Model Technical Explanation of United States Model Income Tax Convention of September 20, 1996
Uruguay
Document Released May 2006
USSR
Effective Date: January 1, 1976
The Convention between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on Matters of Taxation, with related letters, signed at Washington on June 20, 1973.
Venezuela
Effective Date: January 1, 2000
The Convention Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Republic of Venezuela for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income and Capital, together with a Protocol, signed at Caracas on January 25, 1999 ("the Convention").
Effective Date: January 1, 2000
Department of the Treasury Technical Explanation of the Convention and Protocol between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Republic of Venezuela for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income and Capital

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